使用遷移學習進行關鍵點檢測

!pip install -q -U imgaug

!wget -q http://vision.stanford.edu/aditya86/ImageNetDogs/images.tar

!tar xf images.tar
!unzip -qq ~/stanfordextra_v12.zip

from keras import layers
import keras

from imgaug.augmentables.kps import KeypointsOnImage
from imgaug.augmentables.kps import Keypoint
import imgaug.augmenters as iaa

from PIL import Image
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import json
import os

IMG_SIZE = 224
BATCH_SIZE = 64
EPOCHS = 5
NUM_KEYPOINTS = 24 * 2  # 24 pairs each having x and y coordinates

IMG_DIR = "Images"
JSON = "StanfordExtra_V12/StanfordExtra_v12.json"
KEYPOINT_DEF = (
    "https://github.com/benjiebob/StanfordExtra/raw/master/keypoint_definitions.csv"
)

# Load the ground-truth annotations.
with open(JSON) as infile:
    json_data = json.load(infile)

# Set up a dictionary, mapping all the ground-truth information
# with respect to the path of the image.
json_dict = {i["img_path"]: i for i in json_data}

'n02085782-Japanese_spaniel/n02085782_2886.jpg':
{'img_bbox': [205, 20, 116, 201],
 'img_height': 272,
 'img_path': 'n02085782-Japanese_spaniel/n02085782_2886.jpg',
 'img_width': 350,
 'is_multiple_dogs': False,
 'joints': [[108.66666666666667, 252.0, 1],
            [147.66666666666666, 229.0, 1],
            [163.5, 208.5, 1],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [54.0, 244.0, 1],
            [77.33333333333333, 225.33333333333334, 1],
            [79.0, 196.5, 1],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [150.66666666666666, 86.66666666666667, 1],
            [88.66666666666667, 73.0, 1],
            [116.0, 106.33333333333333, 1],
            [109.0, 123.33333333333333, 1],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 0, 0]],
 'seg': ...}

# Load the metdata definition file and preview it.
keypoint_def = pd.read_csv(KEYPOINT_DEF)
keypoint_def.head()

# Extract the colours and labels.
colours = keypoint_def["Hex colour"].values.tolist()
colours = ["#" + colour for colour in colours]
labels = keypoint_def["Name"].values.tolist()


# Utility for reading an image and for getting its annotations.
def get_dog(name):
    data = json_dict[name]
    img_data = plt.imread(os.path.join(IMG_DIR, data["img_path"]))
    # If the image is RGBA convert it to RGB.
    if img_data.shape[-1] == 4:
        img_data = img_data.astype(np.uint8)
        img_data = Image.fromarray(img_data)
        img_data = np.array(img_data.convert("RGB"))
    data["img_data"] = img_data

    return data

# Parts of this code come from here:
# https://github.com/benjiebob/StanfordExtra/blob/master/demo.ipynb
def visualize_keypoints(images, keypoints):
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=len(images), ncols=2, figsize=(16, 12))
    [ax.axis("off") for ax in np.ravel(axes)]

    for (ax_orig, ax_all), image, current_keypoint in zip(axes, images, keypoints):
        ax_orig.imshow(image)
        ax_all.imshow(image)

        # If the keypoints were formed by `imgaug` then the coordinates need
        # to be iterated differently.
        if isinstance(current_keypoint, KeypointsOnImage):
            for idx, kp in enumerate(current_keypoint.keypoints):
                ax_all.scatter(
                    [kp.x],
                    [kp.y],
                    c=colours[idx],
                    marker="x",
                    s=50,
                    linewidths=5,
                )
        else:
            current_keypoint = np.array(current_keypoint)
            # Since the last entry is the visibility flag, we discard it.
            current_keypoint = current_keypoint[:, :2]
            for idx, (x, y) in enumerate(current_keypoint):
                ax_all.scatter([x], [y], c=colours[idx], marker="x", s=50, linewidths=5)

    plt.tight_layout(pad=2.0)
    plt.show()


# Select four samples randomly for visualization.
samples = list(json_dict.keys())
num_samples = 4
selected_samples = np.random.choice(samples, num_samples, replace=False)

images, keypoints = [], []

for sample in selected_samples:
    data = get_dog(sample)
    image = data["img_data"]
    keypoint = data["joints"]

    images.append(image)
    keypoints.append(keypoint)

visualize_keypoints(images, keypoints)

class KeyPointsDataset(keras.utils.PyDataset):
    def __init__(self, image_keys, aug, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, train=True, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.image_keys = image_keys
        self.aug = aug
        self.batch_size = batch_size
        self.train = train
        self.on_epoch_end()

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.image_keys) // self.batch_size

    def on_epoch_end(self):
        self.indexes = np.arange(len(self.image_keys))
        if self.train:
            np.random.shuffle(self.indexes)

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        indexes = self.indexes[index * self.batch_size : (index + 1) * self.batch_size]
        image_keys_temp = [self.image_keys[k] for k in indexes]
        (images, keypoints) = self.__data_generation(image_keys_temp)

        return (images, keypoints)

    def __data_generation(self, image_keys_temp):
        batch_images = np.empty((self.batch_size, IMG_SIZE, IMG_SIZE, 3), dtype="int")
        batch_keypoints = np.empty(
            (self.batch_size, 1, 1, NUM_KEYPOINTS), dtype="float32"
        )

        for i, key in enumerate(image_keys_temp):
            data = get_dog(key)
            current_keypoint = np.array(data["joints"])[:, :2]
            kps = []

            # To apply our data augmentation pipeline, we first need to
            # form Keypoint objects with the original coordinates.
            for j in range(0, len(current_keypoint)):
                kps.append(Keypoint(x=current_keypoint[j][0], y=current_keypoint[j][1]))

            # We then project the original image and its keypoint coordinates.
            current_image = data["img_data"]
            kps_obj = KeypointsOnImage(kps, shape=current_image.shape)

            # Apply the augmentation pipeline.
            (new_image, new_kps_obj) = self.aug(image=current_image, keypoints=kps_obj)
            batch_images[i,] = new_image

            # Parse the coordinates from the new keypoint object.
            kp_temp = []
            for keypoint in new_kps_obj:
                kp_temp.append(np.nan_to_num(keypoint.x))
                kp_temp.append(np.nan_to_num(keypoint.y))

            # More on why this reshaping later.
            batch_keypoints[i,] = np.array(kp_temp).reshape(1, 1, 24 * 2)

        # Scale the coordinates to [0, 1] range.
        batch_keypoints = batch_keypoints / IMG_SIZE

        return (batch_images, batch_keypoints)

train_aug = iaa.Sequential(
    [
        iaa.Resize(IMG_SIZE, interpolation="linear"),
        iaa.Fliplr(0.3),
        # `Sometimes()` applies a function randomly to the inputs with
        # a given probability (0.3, in this case).
        iaa.Sometimes(0.3, iaa.Affine(rotate=10, scale=(0.5, 0.7))),
    ]
)

test_aug = iaa.Sequential([iaa.Resize(IMG_SIZE, interpolation="linear")])

np.random.shuffle(samples)
train_keys, validation_keys = (
    samples[int(len(samples) * 0.15) :],
    samples[: int(len(samples) * 0.15)],
)

train_dataset = KeyPointsDataset(
    train_keys, train_aug, workers=2, use_multiprocessing=True
)
validation_dataset = KeyPointsDataset(
    validation_keys, test_aug, train=False, workers=2, use_multiprocessing=True
)

print(f"Total batches in training set: {len(train_dataset)}")
print(f"Total batches in validation set: {len(validation_dataset)}")

sample_images, sample_keypoints = next(iter(train_dataset))
assert sample_keypoints.max() == 1.0
assert sample_keypoints.min() == 0.0

sample_keypoints = sample_keypoints[:4].reshape(-1, 24, 2) * IMG_SIZE
visualize_keypoints(sample_images[:4], sample_keypoints)

def get_model():
    # Load the pre-trained weights of MobileNetV2 and freeze the weights
    backbone = keras.applications.MobileNetV2(
        weights="imagenet",
        include_top=False,
        input_shape=(IMG_SIZE, IMG_SIZE, 3),
    )
    backbone.trainable = False

    inputs = layers.Input((IMG_SIZE, IMG_SIZE, 3))
    x = keras.applications.mobilenet_v2.preprocess_input(inputs)
    x = backbone(x)
    x = layers.Dropout(0.3)(x)
    x = layers.SeparableConv2D(
        NUM_KEYPOINTS, kernel_size=5, strides=1, activation="relu"
    )(x)
    outputs = layers.SeparableConv2D(
        NUM_KEYPOINTS, kernel_size=3, strides=1, activation="sigmoid"
    )(x)

    return keras.Model(inputs, outputs, name="keypoint_detector")

get_model().summary()

model = get_model()
model.compile(loss="mse", optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(1e-4))
model.fit(train_dataset, validation_data=validation_dataset, epochs=EPOCHS)

sample_val_images, sample_val_keypoints = next(iter(validation_dataset))
sample_val_images = sample_val_images[:4]
sample_val_keypoints = sample_val_keypoints[:4].reshape(-1, 24, 2) * IMG_SIZE
predictions = model.predict(sample_val_images).reshape(-1, 24, 2) * IMG_SIZE

# Ground-truth
visualize_keypoints(sample_val_images, sample_val_keypoints)

# Predictions
visualize_keypoints(sample_val_images, predictions)